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Karelian question
The Karelian question or Karelian issue ((フィンランド語:Karjala-kysymys)) is a dispute in Finnish politics over whether or not to try to regain sovereignty over Finnish Karelia and other territories ceded to the Soviet Union in the Winter War and the Continuation War. Despite the name "Karelian question", the term may refer also to the return of Petsamo, ceded parts of Salla and Kuusamo, and four islands in the Gulf of Finland. Sometimes the phrase "debate on the return of the ceded territories" is used. The Karelian question remains a matter of public debate rather than a political issue, since no significant political party supports the idea.
== History ==
The Karelian question arose when Finland was forced to cede territories to the Soviet Union after the Winter War in the Moscow peace treaty in 1940. Most Finnish citizens were evacuated from the ceded areas. Most of them returned during the Continuation War and eventually were evacuated again in 1944. The Soviet Union insisted the ceded areas be completely evacuated in 10 days. The evacuees were partly compensated for their losses; farmers, for example, received land in proportion to their earlier holdings. Usually, the compensation was about one third of the original farm. Compensation for movable property was much less. However, all evacuee families had a right to receive a small farm, and/or a plot for a detached house or a flat. The land used for these grants was confiscated by the state from municipalities and private owners. Financial compensation was funded by a general property tax of 10 to 30%, levied over a period of several years.〔(Karjalan suomalaistilojen korvaukset Sodan jälkeeen. ) Reino Paju 9-15-2003. Retrieved 1-30-2008. 〕〔(Koskesta voimaa – maanhankintalaki ). University of Tampere. Retrieved 1-30-2008. 〕 Because the vast majority of the evacuees who had to settle in the rest of Finland were from ceded Karelia, the question was labeled ''The Karelian Question''. After the Winter War, Karelian municipalities and parishes established Karjalan Liitto (the Karelian Association) to defend the rights of Karelians in Finland.
During the Cold War, the Karelian-born Finnish politician Johannes Virolainen lobbied for the return of Karelia. President Urho Kekkonen also tried to reacquire the territory, especially when the Soviet Union returned the peninsula of Porkkala to Finland in 1956.〔(Kekkonen nosti Karjala-kysymyksen esiin 1968 ) (''Kekkonen raised Karelia question in 1968'') 〕 There was, however, no significant public controversy about the case, because Kekkonen wanted to keep it quiet.〔(Kekkonen kehottaa karjalaisia vaitioloon ) (''Kekkonen suggest to be quiet'') 〕 The last time Kekkonen tried to raise it was in 1972, but he had no success, and public discussion died out in the 1970s.〔(Saimaa Canal links two Karelias ) – ThisisFINLAND〕
After the breakup of the Soviet Union, the Karelian question re-surfaced. According to an article by the Finnish newspaper ''Helsingin Sanomat'' in August 2007, the Russian president Boris Yeltsin unofficially offered to sell ceded Karelia to Finland in 1991 but was declined.〔(Report: Unofficial offers by Russia in 1991 to return ceded Karelia to Finland ) - ''Helsingin Sanomat'' August 21, 2007〕 However, according to many Finnish political leaders and the Russian vice Prime Minister of the time, there were no such offers, only unofficial probing of the idea.〔Koiviston Karjala-selvitys outo asia ulkopolitiikan sisäpiirille STT 15.08.2007 () 〕〔Esko Aho: Karjalan palautus ei kuulosta uskottavalta. YLE Uutiset 16.08.2007 ()〕〔Venäläispoliitikko uhkaa haastaa Kainuun Sanomat oikeuteen YLE Uutiset 21.08.2007 () 〕〔Koivisto: Venäjä ei tarjonnut Karjalaa Suomelle Helsingin Sanomat 23.8.2007 () 〕 Andrei Fyodorov, an advisor of Boris Yeltsin, told the ''Helsingin Sanomat'' that he was part of a group that was tasked by the government of Russia in 1991–1992 with calculating the price of returning Karelia to Finland. This price was set at 15 billion US dollars. According to Fyodorov, Finnish president Mauno Koivisto and Finnish foreign minister Paavo Väyrynen were aware of these unofficial discussions.〔HS: (Fyodorov: Koivisto ja Väyrynen tiesivät Karjala-tunnusteluista ) 5.9.2007, accessed 13.3.2008 〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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